Voronezh

Tsarist decree on the founding of Voronezh has not yet been found. The archives hold the order of the boyar Nikita Romanovich Yuryev of 1 (11) March 1586 on the reorganization of the guard service on the southern outskirts of the Muscovite stateThe order says: "By the sovereign's decree of the tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ivanovich of all Russia and by order of the boyars Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky and comrades on Sosna, not reaching Oskol two bottoms, the city of Livny was ordered to be built, and on the Don on Voronezh, not reaching Bogatovo two bottoms, the city of Voronezh was ordered to be built...". However, the record in the Razryadnyi Prikaz of 1585 "about the assignment of Ryazan bortnye uchastie and fishing to the new city of Voronezh". proves that Voronezh already existed in 1585. Nevertheless, since the fortress was built in 1586, the official year of foundation of Voronezh is considered to be 1586.

Voronezh Fortress was built under the leadership of the first Voronezh governor Semyon Fyodorovich Saburov. In April 1590 the fortress was set on fire by the Circassians. The city was almost completely destroyed. By 1594 Voronezh was "chopped" (rebuilt) anew.

In the years of the Troubles, Voronezh residents were opposed to the official authorities. In 1605 Voronezh supported the impostor False Demetrius I, and after his death did not accept the accession of Shuisky. In 1610 the city supported False Dmitry IIThe False Dimitrius II was not able to wait out the trouble in the city, as he was unable to do so. False Demetrius II did not manage to wait out the trouble in the city, because December 22, 1610 (January 1 1611) of the year he was killed. The people of Voronezh did not swear allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav. July 29 (August 8) in 1613, the ataman I. M. Zarutskiy, the queen's supporters. M. Zarutsky with Marina Mnishek and a detachment of mutinous Cossacks were defeated to the north of the city fortress (in the area of the modern Northern microdistrict). After the battle, the Cossacks fled. Many of them sank while crossing the Don River. Zarutsky and Mnishek were able to reach Astrakhan.

In the fight against the Crimean Khanate, the Russian government was interested in bringing the Don Cossacks to its side. Therefore, in 1613 Voronezh began to supply them with money, cloth, food and weapons, which became known as the "Don vacations". The delivery route was by river. For this purpose, special ships were built in Voronezh, i.e., strugi. So, in 1613, the Voronezh Cossacks received 11 ships (36 arches) of cloth, 189 quarters of bread, 22 poods of lead, 4 poods of sulfur, 22 poods of saltpeter, 55 pails of wine, and in 1614 - 1,000 rubles, 23 ships of cloth, 200 quarters of bread, 60 poods of gunpowder, 30 poods of lead, 30 poods of saltpeter and 100 pails of wine. Besides Voronezh citizens were obliged to meet and accompany ambassadors from Moscow to the Ottoman Empire and back.

The Cossacks were partly brought to Voronezh by Russian ambassadors from Moscow. In 1616 ambassadors P. Mansurov and S. SamsonovThe Cossacks had to take 60 ships to the Ottoman Empire, as well as transfer their wages to the Cossacks. The ships were both in Voronezh and in neighboring cities. In 1617, by a special order of the Russian government, the prepared "Don leave" was canceled; the messenger managed to arrive to Voronezh at the last moment. The reason for such punishment of the Cossacks was their unauthorized attack on the Turkish coast. In 1628 for the Russian embassy were built 80 podsand in 1630 - 86 strings. In 1634 a special ship was built in Voronezh for Russian ambassadors I. Korabjin and S. Matveev were able to deliver to the Turkish sultan Murad IV from the Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich a valuable gift - ravenous gyrfalcons. After the suppression of the uprising led by Stepan Razin, a military detachment was sent to the Cossacks from Voronezh in a string of ships under the command of Colonel Grigory Kosagov. The Cossacks swore an oath to the Russian Tsar for the first time.

7 (17In January 1637, Moscow decided to build the Belgorod Line to protect the south of the Russian kingdom from the raids of Crimean Tatars.. In August of the same year the Don Cossacks captured the Azov fortress. For five years there were practically no Tatar raids on Voronezh and Voronezh district, which allowed Voronezh residents and residents of other southern Russian towns to quietly build defensive structures. In 1642 the Turkish troops laid siege to Azov; defense of the city by Cossacks was called in history the Azov siege. Together with the Cossacks the city was defended by some merchants from Voronezh, who came there earlier. After the departure of the Cossacks from Azov the attacks of the Crimean Tatars in Voronezh began again. Nevertheless, 15 years later the Belgorod feature was almost built. Its Voronezh section passed from the mouth of the Voronezh River to the mouth of its tributary the Peschanka (approximately at this location is the bridge VOGRES) and further east to the fortress Usman.

The Voronezh inhabitants' experience in shipbuilding and navigation, as well as their military experience in protecting the Russian borders from Tatar raids, was used at the end of the 17th century-beginning of the 18th century in building ships for the Russian naval fleet and conducting military operations.

In 1695, during the first Azov campaign, Russian troops failed to capture the fortress of Azov. The siege proved unsuccessful because the Turkish garrison in the fortress was supported from the sea. Therefore, in preparation for the second Azov campaign in the village of Preobrazhenskoe near Moscow in the winter were built 22 galleys and 4 brander, which were partly transported to Voronezh, where they were assembled again. At the same time in Voronezh region were built about a thousand and a half pods, sea-boats and rafts, as well as one ship. As a result of the second campaign the fortress of Azov was taken by Russian troops. The Russian fleet did not allow the fortress to be supplied with men, ammunition and food.20 (30) October 1696 the Boyarsky Duma decided to begin building the first regular (state) naval fleet in the history of Russia. By decree of Peter I, Voronezh admiralty was established in the city, to which were assigned cities on the rivers Voronezh and Don. By the spring of 1699 there were launched 10 ships, 2 galleys, 2 small ships and 4 sailing boats, which took part in the Kerch campaign. The squadron, commanded by Peter I, escorted the ship "Fortress" to Kerch, on board of which was a Russian ambassador Dumnyi clerk E. I. Ukraintsev. From here the ship headed for Constantinople, where in mid 1700. Ukraintsev made peace with the Ottoman Empire for thirty years.

In 1701, Europe begins preparations for the War of the Spanish Succession. The alliance of the Russian kingdom with Austria and Venice against the Ottoman Empire was disintegrating. Under such conditions, the Russian state chose the fight against the Swedish Empire as its strategic direction. Therefore, the further strengthening of the Azov fleet with multi-cannon ships was aimed at preventing a military conflict with the Ottoman Empire and preventing a war on two fronts. From 1696 to 1711 about 215 ships were builtIncluding Goto Predestination, the first Russian battleship and the first ship of rank IV according to the European classification of the early 17th century, built in Russia without the participation of foreign specialists. Thanks to the new Azov fleet, the Russian kingdom was able to sign a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire in order to start a war with the Swedish Empire.

Because of the shallowing of the Voronezh River opposite Chizhovskaya Sloboda English engineer John Perry built a dam to raise the water level with a sluice. Nevertheless, 1 (12) June 1705 by order of Peter I founded the Taurus Fortress and Taurus Shipyardwhere on February 13 or April 9 (O.S.) the tsar ordered the Admiralty to be transported from Voronezh.

In 1709, after the Battle of Poltava, three thousand captive Swedes were sent to Voronezh from under Poltava. They participated in the construction of the new fortress of Osered (now the city of Pavlovsk) on the Don River and a shipyard.

12 (23) November 1721 Voronezh received a decree on "eternal peace" with the Swedish Empire according to the Nistadt Peace Treaty. The captured Swedes were released home.

In 1708, Azov province was formed, with Azov as its center. (actually Tambov.), and in 1715 - Voronezhand the province itself after the emperor's death in 1725 was renamed Voronezh.

The Voronezh Theological Seminary was established in 1745.

10 (21) May 1748 Voronezh was badly damaged by a fire. Almost the entire center, which was located on the bank of the river, burned down. After this tragedy, the center of Voronezh was again located in what is now Universitetskaya Square.

In 1812 Voronezh began to receive recruits from the Voronezh, Kharkov and Penza provinces for the 3rd and 4th Jaeger Regiments . Their outfitting came from donations collected in the city. After manning the regiments with officers, they were sent to Moscow and were able to join the main forces of the Russian army after the Battle of Borodino, They took part in the Taruta maneuver. A letter of M. A letter from M.I. Kutuzov, in which he wrote: "The 3rd and the 4th Jaeger regiments upon their arrival to the army, upon my inspection found that in such a short time they were quite well formed, and that the majority of the men shot quite well.

In 1832, a solemn opening ceremony for the relics of St. Mitrophan was held in Voronezh, to which Emperor Nicholas I attended. The festive event was overshadowed by the recently ended cholera epidemic in Voronezh, which arose because of the large number of pilgrims who arrived in the city. Another tragedy occurred in the summer of 1833, when a famine broke out in Voronezh Province due to drought. Thanks to the connections of the Voronezh governor D. N. Begichev a large sum of money was allocated from the state treasury to fight the tragedy. The crisis was overcome; in 1853 Voronezh hosted the first exhibition of rural works of the five Black Earth provinces.

In 1845 the Voronezh Cadet Corps named after Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich was openedwhere S.I. Mosin was trained.The Soviet Union, A. N. Lodygin, G. V. Plekhanov, etc. In 1879 G. V. Plekhanov came to Voronezh, where he participated in the congress of the revolutionary organization "Land and Will". In Voronezh there occurred its final split, after which it split into "Narodnaya Volya" and "Cherniy Peredel.

In 1905, the Black Hundreds pogrom in Voronezh, mutiny in the Voronezh disciplinary battalion and two political strikes. The December strike took place on December 8, after its organizers received a telegram from Moscow announcing the beginning of an all-Russian political strike. On December 12, it became known that an armed uprising had begun in Moscow, after which a rally was held with the participation of 7,000 Voronezh residents. There was a threat of uprising. Therefore, on December 16 Voronezh was declared martial law. With the help of the authorities in Tambov the unrest was stopped.

April 23 (May 6) 1908, the SR M. M. Fedorova threw a bomb at Voronezh Governor M. M. BibikovHe was in a carriage on Bolshaya Dvoryanskaya Street to a service in the church of Mitrofanovsky Monastery. The governor was wounded in the leg, ear, and right cheek, and his wife was concussed. Fedorova was seriously wounded; she tried to hide in the yard of the Mariinskaja female gymnasium, but fell unconscious. Six people, three of whom were children, were also lightly wounded. The act of terror was committed by order of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party for the numerous repressions against the participants of peasant revolts, during which 38 people were executed by sentence of military courts. On the night of the 14 (27) June 1908 Fedorova was hanged in the yard of the provincial prison.

In 1912 the Otrozhka Railroad Workshops were built near the Otrozhka stationThe first secular institution of higher education in the city was founded in 1913 - the A.V. Voznesensky Agricultural Institute. In 1913, the first secular institution of higher education in the city was founded - the Agricultural Institute named after Peter the Great (now the Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great). Peter the Great (now the Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I). August 28 (September 10) 1914, pursuant to a decision of the City Duma, Voronezh became a member of the All-Russian Urban Union (All-Russian Union of Cities).. The Union was established on August 8-9 of the same year and helped the sick and wounded soldiers and officers, closely cooperated with the All-Russian Zemstvo Union and the Red Cross Society. I. T. Alisov was unanimously chosen as a representative of Voronezh. T. Alisov.

In 1915-1916 prices for food and manufactured goods began to rise in Voronezh. Their administrative regulation led to queues for sugar, flour, bread, etc.

After the February Revolution 2 (15) March 1917 Voronezh governor M. D. Ershov addressed to the inhabitants of Voronezh and the province with the following message: "Various reports are coming in about extraordinary events in the capital. Whatever the events and whatever opinions on them might be, we all share one great task and one desire: that Russia would safely survive the ordeals God had sent down to her and defeat the terrible enemy in triumph. 6 (19) March 1917 by decision of the Provisional Government, the governor was removed from office.

In October 1917, after receiving news of the revolution in Petrograd, the local authorities, represented by the Social Revolutionary Executive Committee of the Soviet and the acting provincial commissar of the government, tried to conceal this information. The Bolsheviks and Left Socialist Revolutionaries could not obtain the creation of a military-revolutionary committee (VRC) from the Soviet Executive Committee and decided to act independently. Their underground VRC was opposed by the Committee of Public Safety, established on October 27, consisting of representatives of the Duma Board, the provincial commissar, the Soviet, the railroad union, the chief of the garrison, and the prosecutor. October 30 (November 12) 1917 after the uprising of the 5th machine-gun regimentThe Bolshevik Military Revolutionary Committee, headed by A. S. Moiseyev, took over power in Voronezh. 3 (16) December 1917, the bank came under the control of the. 10 (23) December 1917 the executive committee of the Voronezh Soviet began to create a special unit of the Red Army. 28-December 31, 1917 (January 13 1918) years (9-13 (26) January 1918) the First Provincial Peasant Congress was held in VoronezhThe new authorities were created in the city.

The Constitutional Democratic Party won the elections to the Constituent Assembly in Voronezh, receiving 58 % votes.

During the Civil War the town was twice occupied by the White troops, the first time from September 11 to 12, 1919, by the 4th Don corps of K. K. Mamontov, and from October 6 to 24, 1919, by detachments of A. G. Shkuro.

In 1918, the University of Yuryev was transferred from Yuryev, and Voronezh State University was established on its basis. In 1926 the first streetcar was started in the city. In 1930 the chemical-technological institute and the forestry institute were established on the basis of the agricultural institute.. In 1926, the first telephone machine appeared on the streets of the city.

In 1930, Voronezh housed a large military airfield A and a small airfield, spare platforms, bombing and firing range of the 11th Brigade of Heavy Bombers TB-1 Long Range Aviation of the Moscow Military District of the Red Army Air Forces, commanded by Alexander Markovich Osadchy. On July 3, 1930 the chief commissar of the Red Army Air Forces Peter Ionovich Baranov issued an order № 0476, according to which Leonid Grigoryevich Minov had to conduct in Voronezh the first training session for parachute jumps on the basis of the 53rd squadron. The task was accomplished on July 26, 1930. This day is considered the birthday of the Soviet parachuting. The first training jump in the history of the USSR realized LG Minov from aircraft FG-62. The second jump jumped Ya. D. Moshkovsky, later the first head of the USSR parachute school Osoaviachima. After him jumped and others. On the instructions of K. Voroshilov the training parachute jumps were repeated on July 29. On July 31, preparations for the landing operation were completed. On August 2, 1930, two kilometers from Voronezh, the first Soviet airborne landing force was droppedThe group consisted of twelve men. Since then August 2 has been celebrated as the birthday of the Airborne Forces of the USSR, and later the Airborne Forces of Russia, Belarus and other CIS countries.

On June 23, 1941, barracks regulations were imposed on the Voronezh police; over 8,000 police officers were sent to the front.. In September 1941 the Voronezh Volunteer Regiment was formed.which became part of the 100th Infantry Division. For feats of arms and heroism of personnel of the 100th Infantry Division, on the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR № 308 of September 18, 1941 was transformed into the 1st Guards Infantry Division. The 4th Voronezh volunteer rifle regiment was included in the division as a supernumerary (thanks to the insistence of the Secretary of the Voronezh regional party committee Nikitin). The regiment later also became a guard regiment and ended the war by liberation of the Austrian capital Vienna in the spring of 1945.

In June 1941, to fulfill a state order received in February, two BM-13 ("Katyusha") launchers were assembled at the Voronezh Komintern Excavator PlantIn July - 30 units, and in August together with other Voronezh plants - more than 100 units. In Voronezh the design of "Katyusha" was improved so that its production has become easier and the time of volley was reduced from 5 minutes to 15 seconds. Over 300 BM-13 gun mounts manufactured in Voronezh took part in the counterattack near Moscow in December 1941.

On October 22, 1941, the City Defense Committee was created. On November 7, 1941, on the orders of the Stavropol General Staff, a military parade was held in Voronezh to mark the anniversary of the victory of the October Socialist Revolution.. There were only three such parades - in Moscow, Kuibyshev, and Voronezh.

In May 1942 the Red Army suffered a heavy defeat near Kharkov (at ill.)This opened the way for the Wehrmacht to the Volga and the Caucasus. On June 28, German forces launched an attack on Voronezh (see Plan Blau); the defenses of the 13th and 40th Armies of the Bryansk Front were broken and the Wehrmacht's 4th Armored Army moved swiftly toward Voronezh. On July 3 the 24th Panzer Division forced the Don near Voronezh; the next day the "Great Germany" Division seized the crossings over the Don in the city of. On July 6 it seized the right-bank part of the city. On the same day the city was subjected to a massive aerial bombardment, during which most of it was destroyed. The territory of the left bank, which in the 1930s was included in the city, was not captured by German troops. As a result of defense of Voronezh in July 1942 under the command of F.I. Golikov and N.F. Vatutin the German Army Group breakthrough to Stalingrad for 4-5 days to encircle the Southwestern Front on the Middle Don was delayed..

On July 7, 1942, the Voronezh Front was formed. By July 10, Soviet troops liberated the northeastern outskirts of Voronezh, and on July 12 began the first private offensive. In August - September 1942, on the right bank of the Voronezh River was established and expanded Chizhovsky foothold. From October 1942 to December 1942, there were local position battles, holding back nearly 10 divisions of the 2nd German Army near Voronezh. January 25, 1943 during the Voronezh-Kastornensky offensive operation Voronezh was liberated by troops of the 60th Army under the command of General I.D. Chernyakhovsky. In honor of this event have been named several streets of Voronezh: January 25th Street, the street of the 60th Army and the square of General Chernyakhovsky, which was later a monument to General Chernyakhovsky.

From July 7, 1942 to January 25, 1943 Voronezh, partly under German occupation, suffered significant damage. According to the commission of the State Control, 18 thousand houses (92 % of all residential buildings) were destroyed in Voronezh. During the occupation German soldiers carried out mass murders of civilians (including women and children) in Voronezh.

By 1950, the reconstruction of Voronezh had been completedMany buildings and architectural monuments of the city were restored. In 1954, the first regular television programs began. In 1960, the first trolleybuses appeared. In the 1950-60s, new enterprises started operating in the city: Voronezh Ceramic Plant., tire plant, machine-tool plant, heavy mechanical presses plant, etc.

In the late 1950s, the Voronezh KBKhA enterprise developed the RD-105 oxygen-kerosene liquid-propellant rocket engine for the third stage of the Luna launch vehicleswhich made it possible to reach the world's first second space velocity in 1959. The RD-105 engine was the basis for the third stage of the launch vehicle Vostok spaceship with the world's first cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin on board. The Voronezh Communications Research Institute created the Altai automatic mobile communications system and the Altai-AS-1 cell phone. Altai system was put into trial operation in Moscow in 1963, and in 1967 - in Voronezh. According to some reports it was the first system of this type in the world. In 1968 the Voronezh Aircraft Plant started production of the world's first serial supersonic passenger aircraft Tu-144. In October 1977, the plant built the first Soviet airbus (wide-body aircraft) Il-86. Since 1993 the plant has been manufacturing the first Soviet wide-body long-range IL-96 aircraft.

On May 6, 1975, Voronezh was awarded the Order of World War I. In honor of this event in the city was built Victory Square next to the Avenue of the Revolution. March 10, 1986 Voronezh celebrated its 400th anniversary and was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Due to the collapse of the USSR, there was a change in the political and economic situation in Russia. The largest industrial enterprises of Voronezh were on the verge of bankruptcy. To overcome the economic crisis, most of them entered into concerns and holdings with other enterprises. The city's economy faced major problems (poor condition of roads, inability to operate electric transport, etc.). Destruction of architectural monuments, illegal construction on the territory of the historical center had a negative impact on the cultural life in the city.

Nevertheless, despite these problems, significant political and cultural events have taken place in Voronezh since the late 1980s. On June 11, 1989, a bell foundry was founded in Voronezh. In 1990, the Ministry of Culture and Gosstroi RSFSR included Voronezh in the list of historical cities of Russia. In 1983, 6.5 km from the city limits, the construction of the Voronezh nuclear power plant for heating was begun, which was suspended on the basis of a referendum among Voronezh residents. In the 1990s, many churches were returned to the diocese; their restoration was continued (and in some cases begun). Many churches were built.

In 2009, the new Annunciation Cathedral was built to replace the lost one.. In 2003 Voronezh was chosen as the capital of the celebration of the Day of Slavic Culture and Literature. The first All-Russian Cello Festival was held in Voronezh in 2005. In 2008, the city was awarded the honorary title "City of Military Glory".. On April 15, 2009 the streetcar transport was completely eliminated.

On August 20, 2010, Tyazhmekhpress plant produced the world's first crank hot forging press with 14,000 tonnage, model KB 8552. On the territory of the Maslovka urban microdistrict, the Voronezh region government, with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create the Maslovsky industrial park to accommodate more than 100 new enterprises, including a transformer plant of Siemens.. On September 7, 2011, the global network operation center of Nokia Networks opened in Voronezh, becoming the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.

From September 10 to 17, 2011 Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary was given a federal status, which allowed to attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for the improvement of the city.

On December 17, 2012 Voronezh became the 15th millionaire city in Russia.